# Lists in Python

Last updated on September 21, 2020

## Sequences #

Sequences is a generic term used to refer to data types which can hold multiple items of data. In Python, we have several types of sequences, the following three are most important:

1. list
2. tuples
3. strings

In this chapter we will discuss list type.

## What is a list ? #

Suppose we want to calculate average marks of 100 students in a class. To accomplish this task, our first step would be to store marks of 100 students by creating 100 variables. So far so good. What if we want to calculate average marks of 1000 students or more ? Should we create 1000 variables ? No ! Off course not. This way of solving problem would be very impractical. What we need is a list.

A list is sequences of multiple items separated by comma, and enclosed inside square brackets i.e []. The syntax of creating list is as follows:

variable = [item1, item2, item3, ..., itemN]


Each item that is stored in the list is called an element of list or simply an element. For example:

 1 2 3 >>> >>> numbers = [11, 99, 66, 22] >>> 

This statement creates a list of 4 elements and assign it to the variable numbers. Note that just like everything else, a list is an object too, of type list. The numbers variable do not store the contents of the list, it only stores a reference to the address where list object is actually stored in the memory.

 1 2 3 4 >>> >>> type(numbers) >>> 

To print the contents of a list in the Python shell just type the list name.

 1 2 3 4 >>> >>> numbers [11, 99, 66, 22] >>> 

We can also use print() function to print the list.

 1 2 3 4 >>> >>> print(numbers) [11, 99, 66, 22] >>> 

A list can contain elements of same or different types.

 1 2 3 4 5 6 >>> >>> mixed = ["a string", 3.14, 199] # list where elements are of different types >>> >>> mixed ['a string', 3.14, 199] >>> 

To create an empty list simply type square brackets without any elements inside it.

 1 2 3 >>> >>> empty_list = [] # an empty list >>> 

We can also create list using the list() constructor function.

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 >>> >>> list1 = list() # an empty list >>> list2 = list([3.2, 4, 0.12]) # again elements in a list can be of different types >>> list3 = list(["@@", "###", ">>>"]) # you can use symbols too >>> list4 = list("1234") # creating list from string >>> >>> >>> list1 [] >>> >>> list2 [3.2, 4, 0.12] >>> >>> list3 ['@@', '###', '>>>'] >>> >>> list4 ['1', '2', '3', '4'] >>> >>> 

The elements of a list can be a list too.

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 >>> >>> list5 = [ ... [33, 55, 77], # first element ... [99, 31, 64] # second element ... ] >>> >>> >>> list5 [[33, 55, 77], [99, 31, 64]] >>> >>> 

list5 contains two elements of type list. This type of lists is know as list of list or nested list or multi-dimensional list.

## Creating lists using range() function #

The range() function can also be used to create long lists. Recall that the range() function returns an object of type iterable (to learn more click here), all we need to create a list is to pass this iterable object to the list() constructor function as follows:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 >>> >>> list1 = list(range(5)) >>> list1 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> >>> 

range(5) generates the following sequence:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4


The list() function then uses numbers from this sequence to create a list.

Here are some more examples:

Example 1:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>> >>> list2 = list(range(1, 101)) ## create a list of numbers from 1 to 100 >>> list2 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100] >>> >>> 

Example 2:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 >>> >>> list3 = list(range(0, 100, 10)) ## create a list of numbers from 0 to 100 with step value of 10 >>> list3 [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90] >>> >>> 

## List functions #

The following table lists some functions, we commonly use while working with lists.

Function Description
len() returns the number of elements in the sequence.
sum() returns the sum of elements in the sequence.
max() returns the element with greatest value in the sequence.
min() returns the element with smallest value in the sequence.
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 >>> >>> >>> list1 = [1, 9, 4, 12, 82] >>> >>> len(list1) # find the length of the list 5 >>> >>> sum(list1) # find the sum of the list 108 >>> >>> max(list1) # find the greatest element in the list 82 >>> >>> min(list1) # find the smallest element in the list 1 >>> >>> 

## Index Operator #

Just like strings, the elements in a list are 0 indexed, meaning that the first element is at index 0, second is at 1, third is at 2 and so on. The last valid index will be one less than the length of the list. We use the following syntax to access an element from the list.

a_list[index]


where index must be an integer.

For example, the following statement creates a list of 6 elements.

list1 = [88, 99, 4.12, 199, 993, 9999]


Here list1[0] refers to the element 88, list1[1] refers to 99 and list[5] refers to 9999.

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>> >>> list1 = [88, 99, 4.12, 199, 993, 9999] >>> >>> list1[0] # get the first element 88 >>> list1[1] # get the second element 99 >>> list1[5] # get the sixth element 9999 >>> 

We can also calculate the last valid index of a list using the len() function, as follows:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >>> >>> len(list1) - 1 5 >>> >>> list1[len(list1) - 1] # get the last element 9999 >>> 

Trying to access a element beyond the last last valid index will result in IndexError.

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >>> >>> list1[100] # get the element at index 100 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in IndexError: list index out of range >>> >>> 

Just like strings, negative indexes are still valid here. In fact we can use can negative index on almost all types of sequences in Python.

As you can see from the image the last element is at index -1, the second last element is at -2 and so on. The first element is at index -6.

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 >>> >>> list1 [88, 99, 4.12, 199, 993, 9999] >>> >>> list1[-1] # get the last element 9999 >>> list1[-2] # get the second last element 993 >>> 

To calculate the index of the first element use len() function as follows:

 1 2 3 4 >>> >>> list1[-len(list1)] # get the first element 88 >>> 

## Lists are Mutable #

List are mutable, what this means is that we can modify a list without creating a new list in the process. Consider the following example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 >>> >>> list1 = ["str", "list", "int", "float"] >>> >>> id(list1) # address where list1 is stored 43223176 >>> >>> list1[0] = "string" # Update element at index 0 >>> >>> list1 # list1 is changed now ['string', 'list', 'int', 'float'] >>> >>> id(list1) # notice that the id is still same 43223176 >>> >>> 

Notice that even after modifying the list the id of the variable list1 remains the same. This indicates that no new list object is created when we assign new element at index 0.

## Iterating through elements in a List #

To iterate though a list we can use for loop as follows:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 >>> >>> marks = [122, 45, 23, 78, 65, 12] >>> for m in marks: ... print(m) ... 122 45 23 78 65 12 >>> 

In each iteration the variable m is assigned a value from the list. Changing the value of variable m in the loop body doesn't update the elements in the list. So, this method is commonly used to iterate over list when we don't need to modify the elements in a list.

To modify elements, we can use a for loop in conjunction with the range() function, as follows:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 >>> >>> marks = [122, 45, 23, 78, 65, 12] >>> >>> import random >>> >>> for i in range(len(marks)): ... marks[i] = random.randint(1, 100) # assign some random value between 1 to 100 to all elements ... >>> >>> marks [59, 9, 59, 21, 75, 61] >>> >>> 

Although, the for loop is a preferred way to iterate over list, if we want, we can use while loop too. For example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 >>> >>> i = 0 >>> >>> while i < len(marks): ... print(marks[i]) ... i += 1 ... 59 9 59 21 75 61 >>> >>> 

## List Slicing #

Slicing operator we discussed in lesson Strings in Python is also available in list. The only difference is that instead of returning a slice of string, here it returns a slice of list. It's is syntax is:

list[start:end]


This returns a slice of list starting from index start to end - 1. Here are some examples:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >>> >>> list1 = [11, 33, 55, 22, 44, 89] >>> >>> list1[0:4] [11, 33, 55, 22] >>> >>> >>> list1[1:5] [33, 55, 22, 44] >>> >>> >>> list1[4:5] [44] >>> 

The start and end indexes are optional, if not specified then start index is 0 and end index is the length of the list. For example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >>> >>> list1 [11, 33, 55, 22, 44, 89] >>> >>> list1[:2] # same as list1[0:2] [11, 33] >>> >>> list1[2:] # same as list1[2:len(list1)] [55, 22, 44, 89] >>> >>> list1[:] # same as list1[0:len(list1)] [11, 33, 55, 22, 44, 89] >>> >>> 

# Membership operator in and not in #

Just like strings, we can check whether an element exists in the list or not using in and not in operator. Here are some examples:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >>> >>> cards = ["club", "diamond", "heart", "spades"] >>> >>> "club" in cards True >>> >>> "joker" in cards False >>> >>> "pikes" not in cards True >>> >>> "heart" not in cards False >>> >>> 

## List Concatenation #

List can be joined too using + operator. When operands on both side are lists + operator creates a new list by combing elements from both the lists. For example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>> >>> list1 = [1,2,3] # create list1 >>> list2 = [11,22,33] # create list2 >>> >>> id(list1) # address of list1 43223112 >>> id(list2) # address of list2 43223048 >>> >>> 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 >>> >>> list3 = list1 + list2 # concatenate list1 and list2 and create list3 >>> list3 [1, 2, 3, 11, 22, 33] >>> >>> 
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 >>> >>> id(list3) # address of the new list list3 43222920 >>> >>> >>> id(list1) # address of list1 is still same 43223112 >>> id(list2) # address of list2 is still same 43223048 >>> >>> 

Notice that concatenation doesn't affect the list1 and list2, their addresses remains the same before and after the concatenation.

Another way to concatenate list is use += operator. The += operator modifies the list instead of creating a new list. Here is an example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3] >>> >>> id(list1) 43223112 >>> >>> list1 += list2 # append list2 to list1 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 11, 22, 33] >>> >>> >>> id(list1) # address is still same 43223112 >>> 

The statement list1 += list2 appends list2 to the end of list1. Notice that the address of list1 is still not changed. Unlike languages like C, C++ Java, where arrays are of fixed size. In Python, lists are dynamically sized. It means that the size of list grows automatically as needed.

## Repetition Operator #

We can use * operator with lists too. It's syntax is:

sequence * n


The * operator replicates the list and then joins them. Here are some examples:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 5] >>> >>> >>> list2 = list1 * 4 # replicate list1 4 times and assign the result to list2 >>> >>> list2 [1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1, 5] >>> >>> 

The * operator can also be used as a compound assignment operator *= . The only difference is that instead of creating a new list object, it would update the existing list object.

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 >>> >>> action = ["eat", "sleep", "repeat"] >>> >>> id(action) # address of action list 32182472 >>> >>> action *= 5 >>> >>> action ['eat', 'sleep', 'repeat', 'eat', 'sleep', 'repeat', 'eat', 'sleep', 'repeat', ' eat', 'sleep', 'repeat', 'eat', 'sleep', 'repeat'] >>> >>> id(action) # address is still the same 32182472 >>> 

## Comparing Lists #

Just like strings, we can compare lists using relational operators (>, >=, <, <=, !=, ==). List comparison only works when operands involved contains the same type of elements. The process starts off by comparing the elements at index 0 from both list. The comparison stops only when either the end of the list is reached or corresponding characters in the list are not same.

Consider the following example:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >>> >>> n1 = [1,2,3] >>> n2 = [1,2,10] >>> >>> >>> n1 > n2 False >>> 

Here are the steps involved in the comparison of list n1 and n2.

Step 1: 1 from n1 is compared with 1 from n2. As they are same, the next two characters are compared.

Step 2: 2 from n2 is compared with 2 from n2. Again they are same, the next two characters are compared.

Step 3: 3 from n1 is compared with 10 from 10. Clearly 3 is smaller than 10. So the comparison n1 > n2 returns False.

Here is another example where elements are strings.

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >>> >>> word_list1 = ["pow", "exp"] >>> word_list2 = ["power", "exponent"] >>> >>> word_list1 < word_list2 True >>> 

Step 1: "pow" from word_list1 is compared with "power" from word_list2. Clearly "pow" is smaller than "power". At this point, comparison stops because we have found the elements in list which are not same , so comparison word_list1 < word_list2 is true.

## List Comprehension #

Often times you will need to create lists where each element in the sequence is a result of some operations or each element in the list satisfies some condition. For example, create a sequence of cubes of numbers from 50 to 100. We use list comprehension in situations like these. The syntax of list comprehension is:

[ expression for item in iterable ]


here is how it works:

In each iteration item is assigned a value from iterable object, then the expression before the for keyword is evaluated; the result of the expression is then used to produce values for the list. The process repeats until there are no more elements left to iterate.

Here is an example:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 >>> >>> cube_list = [ i**3 for i in range(50, 101) ] >>> >>> cube_list [125000, 132651, 140608, 148877, 157464, 166375, 175616, 185193, 195112, 205379, 216000, 226981, 238328, 250047, 262144, 274625, 287496, 300763, 314432, 328509, 343000, 357911, 373248, 389017, 405224, 421875, 438976, 456533, 474552, 493039, 512000, 531441, 551368, 571787, 592704, 614125, 636056, 658503, 681472, 704969, 729000, 753571, 778688, 804357, 830584, 857375, 884736, 912673, 941192, 970299, 1000000] >>> 

We can also include an if condition in the list comprehension, as follows:

[ expression for item in iterable if condition ]


This works exactly like above the only difference is that the expression before the for keyword is only evaluated when the condition is True.

Here is an example:

 1 2 3 4 5 6 >>> >>> even_list = [ i for i in range(1, 10) if i % 2 == 0 ] >>> >>> even_list [2, 4, 6, 8] >>> 

## List Methods #

The list class have many built-in methods which allows us to add element, remove element, update element and much more. The following table lists some common methods provided by the list class to manipulate lists.

Method Description
appends(item) adds an item to the end of the list.
insert(index, item) inserts an item at the specified index. If index specified is greater than the last valid index, item is added to the end of the list.
index(item) returns the index of the first occurrence of specified item. If the specified item doesn't exists in the list, an exception is raised.
remove(item) removes the first occurrence of the specified item from the list. If the specified item doesn't exists in the list, an exception is raised.
count(item) returns the number of times an item appears in the list.
clear() removes all the element from the list.
sort() sorts the list in ascending order.
reverse() reverse the order of elements in the list.
extend(sequence) appends the elements of the sequence to the end of the list.
pop([index]) removes the element at the specified index and returns that element. If index is not specified, it removes and returns last element from the list. When index is not valid, an exception is raised.

Note that all these method except count() modify the list object on which it is called.

The following shell session demonstrates how to use these methods:

### append() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >>> >>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6] >>> >>> id(list1) 45741512 # address of list1 >>> >>> list1.append(10) # append 10 to list1 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10] >>> >>> id(list1) # address remains unchanged 45741512 >>> 

### insert() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 >>> >>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6] >>> >>> id(list1) 45739272 >>> >>> list1.insert(2, 1000) # insert item 1000 at index 2 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 1000, 3, 4, 5, 6] # now the last valid index is 6 >>> >>> >>> list1.insert(6, 4000) # insert the item 4000 at index 6 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 1000, 3, 4, 5, 4000, 6] # now the last valid index is 7 >>> >>> >>> list1.insert(8, 8000) # insert the item 8000 at index 8, which is beyond the last valid index >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 1000, 3, 4, 5, 4000, 6, 8000] >>> list1[8] 8000 >>> 

### index() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> list1.index(1) # index of first occurrence of element 1 0 >>> list1.index(3) # index of first occurrence of element 3 2 >>> list1.index(90) # an exception is raised, as value 90 doesn't exists in the list Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ValueError: 90 is not in list >>> >>> 

### remove() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> list1.remove(1) # remove first occurence of element 1 >>> >>> list1 [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> list1.remove(2) # remove first occurence of element 2 >>> >>> list1 [3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> list1.remove(100) # an exception is raised, as value 100 doesn't exists in the list Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list >>> >>> 

### count() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> list1.count(2) # count the appearance of element 2 in the list 2 >>> list1.count(100) # count the appearance of element 100 in the list 0 >>> list1.count(1) # count the appearance of element 1 in the list 2 >>> 

### clear() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >>> >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3] >>> >>> id(list1) 45738248 >>> >>> list1.clear() # clear all the elements in the list list1 >>> >>> list1 [] >>> >>> id(list1) 45738248 >>> >>> 

### sort() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >>> >>> list1 = [12, -2, 3, 4, 100, 50] >>> >>> list1.sort() # sort the list in ascending order >>> >>> list1 [-2, 3, 4, 12, 50, 100] >>> >>> types = ["str", "float", "int", "list"] >>> >>> types.sort() # sort the list, strings are sorted based on the ASCII values >>> >>> types ['float', 'int', 'list', 'str'] >>> >>> 

### reverse() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 >>> >>> list1 = [12, -2, 3, 4, 100, 50] >>> >>> >>> list1.sort() # sort the list in ascending order >>> >>> list1 [-2, 3, 4, 12, 50, 100] >>> >>> list1.reverse() # sort the list in descending order >>> >>> list1 [100, 50, 12, 4, 3, -2] >>> >>> 

### extend() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3] >>> >>> id(list1) 45738248 >>> >>> list1.extend([100, 200, 300]) # append elements of list [100, 200, 300] to list1 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 100, 200, 300] >>> >>> id(list1) 45738248 >>> >>> >>> list1.extend("str") # We can pass strings too >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 100, 200, 300, 's', 't', 'r'] >>> >>> >>> id(list1) 45738248 >>> >>> 

### pop() method #

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 >>> >>> list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> >>> list1.pop(4) # remove the element at index 4 5 >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 4, 6] >>> >>> list1.pop() # remove the last element 6 >>> >>> list1 [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> >>> >>> list1.pop(10) # index specified is not valid Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in IndexError: pop index out of range >>> >>>